@INPROCEEDINGS{Arnborg2000,
author = {Arnborg, Stefan and Artman, Henrik and Brynielsson, Joel
and Wallenius, Klas},
title = {Information Awareness in Command and Control:
Precision, Quality, Utility},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third International Conference on
Information Fusion (FUSION 2000)},
pages = {ThB1/25--32},
year = 2000,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Paris, France},
month = JUL,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/iq.pdf},
ps = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/iq.ps.gz},
ppt = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Stefan-Arnborg/iq.ppt},
abstract = {In current Command and Control system design, the
concept of information plays a central role. In order to find
architectures for situation and threat databases making full use of
all dimensions of information, the concept of information awareness
must be understood. We consider and define some information
attributes: measures of precision, quality and usability, and
suggest some uses of these concepts. The analysis is Bayesian. A
critical point is where subjective Bayesian probabilities of
decision makers meet the objective sensor-related Bayesian
assessments of the system. This interface must be designed to avoid
credibility problems.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{BrynielssonGranlund2001,
author = {Brynielsson, Joel and Granlund, Rego},
title = {Assistance in Decision Making: Decision Help and Decision Analysis},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (6th ICCRTS)},
optpages = {},
year = 2001,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Annapolis, Maryland},
month = JUN,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/daim.pdf},
ps = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/daim.ps.gz},
abstract = {Decision help and decision analysis are tools that will
be of importance in decision support systems. They are likely to
exist both in real operational systems and in simulation based
systems used for training. In command and control an example of a
decision task is to command units in a geographical environment. We
have taken a closer look at this type of decision task, using a
simulated microworld as a research tool. In particular we are
interested in the case when the decision maker already has selected
a course of action, but wants to have critique and suggestions of
improvements. To analyze a decision where the ``main direction'' is
already known in this way we denote \emph{decision analysis}, as
opposed to \emph{decision help}.
An algorithm for decision analysis in maps has been developed. This
algorithm is based on rules. An implementation in Java with classes
suited for reuse has been developed. The implementation has been
tested in a microworld system, C$^3$\-FIRE, suited for practice in
forest fire fighting.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{BrynielssonWallenius2001,
author = {Brynielsson, Joel and Wallenius, Klas},
title = {Game Environment for Command and Control Operations ({GECCO})},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Cognitive Research With Microworlds},
pages = {85--95},
year = 2001,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Granada, Spain},
month = NOV,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/gecco.pdf},
ps = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/gecco.ps.gz},
abstract = {In GECCO we have implemented a game platform
specifically for the Command and Control research community. GECCO
is a strategy game where one move units on a map. The game is
generic in the sense that it stores all information regarding the
scenario in files that are easy to adjust. The source code is
distributed to the research community as open source, and it is well
documented and well structured. The game is suited to all common
computer environments.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Brynielsson2002,
author = {Joel Brynielsson},
title = {A Decision-Theoretic Framework Using Rational Agency},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Computer-Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation},
pages = {459--463},
year = 2002,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
number = {02--CGF--047},
series = {},
address = {Orlando, Florida},
month = MAY,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/02-CGF-047.pdf},
keywords = {Decision Theory, Game Theory, agent, decision-making, multi-attribute, Command and Control, rationality},
abstract = {Maximizing expected utility has been the foremost method
for decision-making for centuries and has been applied to numbers of
decision tasks of various kinds. The ideas of using utility matrices
in a tree structure to predict behavior among intelligent agents is
however new with several contributions during the last decade. We
have investigated such a decision-theoretic framework, the Recursive
Modeling Method, which is originally applied within intelligent
agents. This framework includes a data structure that holds
information regarding the surrounding environment, and a model for
computation that takes advantage of the mentioned data
structure. The data structure is based on utility matrices used for
storing information regarding preferences, the environment and other
agents. These utility matrices are organized in a tree structure
that also contains probability distributions representing beliefs
regarding the current situation picture. The probability
distributions are used recursively together with the utility
matrices in order to solve decision tasks.
We conclude that the investigated framework needs to be extended to
be fully functional for Command and Control
decision-making. Therefore we outline an extended framework where we
introduce the ``attribute domain'', which will be used throughout the
model. The main idea is to keep track of different utility
variables, one for each attribute, throughout the recursive process
so that information can be used for various decision tasks. We
believe that different utility functions will be used from time to
time and therefore the utility cannot be combined into one single
variable. Instead the data structure must be designed to hold sets
containing one utility value for each attribute, rather than one
single utility value describing all kinds of profit.}
}
@TECHREPORT{BrynielssonWallenius2003,
author = {Joel Brynielsson and Klas Wallenius},
title = {A Toolbox for Multi-Attribute Decision-Making},
institution = {Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology},
year = 2003,
optkey = {},
opttype = {},
number = {TRITA--NA--0307},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = DEC,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/TRITA-NA-0307.pdf},
ps = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/TRITA-NA-0307.ps.gz},
abstract = {There are obvious opportunities to incorporate
multiagent simulation in decision support tools for military
commanders. To be successfully integrated, however, the simulation
tool must fit into the overall decision process, in which the
commander is involved. In this paper we propose some important
properties of simulation-based tools for decision-making based on
different theories on how decisions are made. Our theoretical
contribution is a definition of a non-linear utility function that
should better fit prevailing cognitive models of decision-making
than traditional linear utility functions do. Finally we specify a
toolbox that, based on the utility function, multiagent-based
simulation and genetic algorithms, may be used to evolve strategies
and to support decision-making in the Command and Control domain.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Huang2003,
author = {Huang, Qi and H{\aa}llmats, Jenny and Wallenius, Klas and Brynielsson, Joel},
title = {Simulation-Based Decision Support for Command and Control in Joint Operations},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 European Simulation Interoperability Workshop},
pages = {591--599},
year = 2003,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
number = {03E--SIW--091},
optseries = {},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = JUN,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/03E-SIW-091.pdf},
keywords = {Decision Support, Agent Based Simulation, Command and Control, Planning, Utility Theory},
abstract = {Predicting and evaluating the consequences of tentative
plans are essential parts of the decision-making in joint
operations. Decision support based on simulation aims to facilitate
these two activities. This paper first analyzes the decision-making
and the generic planning process in joint operations. Based on this
analysis, the paper describes both multi-agent simulation used to
predict the consequences of tentative plans and multi-attribute
evaluation to evaluate and compare the multi-attribute consequences
based on the goals or objectives for the operation. It also
clarifies the relationships between plans and agent models as well
as consequences and utilities. In order to realize embedded
simulation support, an architecture is suggested for network based
Command and Control (C2) systems. As a result, this simulation based
decision support will enhance the situation awareness by the ability
to, not only present and explain the situation, but also to predict
it. By iteratively using multi-agent simulation and multi-attribute
evaluation in the different planning phases, the commanders will be
able to verify and evaluate possible plans in different aspects such
as opportunity versus risk, feasibility versus difficulty, task
versus consequence, etc. Finally the iterative process leads to a
deliberate plan. Therefore, the simulation-based decision support
will become an essential part in future C2 systems.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Arnborg2004,
author = {Stefan Arnborg},
title = {Robust Bayesianism: Imprecise and Paradoxical Reasoning},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2004)},
pages = {407-414},
year = 2004,
editor = {Svensson, Per and Schubert, Johan},
volume = 1,
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = JUN # {~28--} # JUL # {~1,},
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Stefan-Arnborg/robust.pdf},
ppt = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Stefan-Arnborg/robust.ppt.pdf},
keywords = {DS-structures, Modified Dempster-Shafer rule,
Capacities, Evidence theory, Likelihood, imprecise probability},
abstract = {We are interested in understanding the relationship
between Bayesian inference and evidence theory, in particular
imprecise and paradoxical reasoning. The concept of a set of
probability distributions is central both in robust Bayesian
analysis and in some versions of Dempster-Shafer theory. Most of the
literature regards these two theories as incomparable. We interpret
imprecise probabilities as imprecise posteriors obtainable from
imprecise likelihoods and priors, both of which can be considered as
evidence and represented with, e.g., DS-structures. The natural and
simple robust combination operator makes all pairwise combinations
of elements from the two sets. The DS-structures can represent one
particular family of imprecise distributions, Choquet
capacities. These are not closed under our combination rule, but can
be made so by rounding. The proposed combination operator is unique,
and has interesting normative and factual properties. We compare its
behavior on Zadeh's example with other proposed fusion rules. We
also show how the paradoxical reasoning method appears in the robust
framework.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{BrynielssonArnborg2004,
author = {Brynielsson, Joel and Arnborg, Stefan},
title = {Bayesian Games for Threat Prediction and Situation Analysis},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2004)},
pages = {1125--1132},
year = 2004,
editor = {Svensson, Per and Schubert, Johan},
volume = 2,
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = JUN # {~28--} # JUL # {~1,},
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/IF04-1125.pdf},
ps = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/IF04-1125.ps},
keywords = {Bayesian Network, Influence Diagram, Game Theory,
Bayesian Game, Command and Control, Situation Awareness},
abstract = {Higher levels of the JDL model call for prediction of
future development and awareness of the development of a
situation. Since the situations handled by Command and Control
systems develop by actions performed by opposing agents, pure
probabilistic or evidential techniques are not quite sufficient
tools for prediction. Game theoretic tools can give an improved
appreciation of the real uncertainty in this prediction task, and
also be a tool in the planning process. We review recent
developments in game theory and apply them in a decision support
tool for Command and Control situation awareness enhancements.}
}
@PHDTHESIS{Suzic2005,
author = {Suzi{\'c}, Robert},
title = {Knowledge Representation and Stochastic Multi-Agent Plan Recognition},
school = {School of Computer Science and Communication, Royal Institute of Technology},
year = 2005,
optkey = {},
type = {Licentiate thesis},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = MAY,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
kthb = {http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-314}
}
@PHDTHESIS{Wallenius2004,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {Generic Support for Decision-Making in Management and Command and Control},
school = {Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology},
year = 2004,
optkey = {},
type = {Licentiate thesis},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = MAY,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/lic-thesis.pdf},
kthb = {http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1773},
keywords = {Command and Control, Management, Decision Support, Data Fusion, Information Fusion, Situation Awareness, Network-Based Defence, Ontology},
abstract = {Flexibility is the keyword when preparing for the
uncertain future tasks for the civilian and military
defence. Support tools relying on general principles will greatly
facilitate flexible co-ordination and co-operation between different
civilian and military organizations, and also between different
command levels. Further motivations for general solutions include
reduced costs for technical development and training, as well as
faster and more informed decision-making. Most technical systems
that support military activities are however designed with specific
work tasks in mind, and are consequently rather inflexible. There
are large differences between for instance fire fighting, disaster
relief, calculating missile trajectories, and navigating large
battle-ships. Still, there ought to be much in common in the work of
managing these various tasks. We use the term Command and Control
(C2) to capture these common features in management of civilian and
military, rescue and defence operations.
Consequently, this thesis describes a top-down approach to support
systems for decision-making in the context of C2, as a complement to
the prevailing bottom-up approaches. DISCCO (Decision Support for
Command and Control) is a set of network-based services including
Command Support helping commanders in the human, cooperative and
continuous process of evolving, evaluating, and executing solutions
to their tasks. The command tools provide the means to formulate and
visualize tasks, plans, and assessments, but also the means to
visualize decisions on the dynamic design of organization. Also
included in DISCCO is Decision Support, which, based on AI and
simulation techniques, improve the human process by integrating
automatic and semi-automatic generation and evaluation of plans. The
tools provided by DISCCO interact with a Common Situation Model
capturing the recursive structure of the situation, including the
status, the dynamic organization, and the intentions, of own,
allied, neutral, and hostile resources. Hence, DISCCO provides a
more comprehensive situation description than has previously been
possible to achieve.
DISCCO shows generic features since it is designed to support a
decision-making process abstracted from the actual kinds and details
of the tasks that are solved. Thus it will be useful through all
phases of the operation, through all command levels, and through all
the different organizations and activities that are involved.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Wallenius2004a,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {Support for Situation Awareness in Command and Control},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2004)},
pages = {1117--1124},
year = 2004,
editor = {Svensson, Per and Schubert, Johan},
volume = 2,
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = JUN # {~28--} # JUL # {~1,},
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/SA-fusion04.pdf},
optps = {},
keywords = {Command and Control, Decision Support, Information Fusion, JDL Model, Ontology, Situation Assessment, Situation Awareness},
abstract = {To support the work by military commanders and staffs,
this paper presents a classification of different support tools,
including Command Support, Decision Support, Multi-Sensor Fusion,
and Information Fusion. Together, these tools would facilitate
shared Situation Awareness, including knowledge of friendly as well
as hostile, forces on different levels of abstraction. Externalizing
the situation awareness, a Common Situation Model enables the
integration of these support tools but also the collaboration
between individuals. The main emphasis is thus on the ontology of
this model, representing the language by which the situation may be
described. Consequently, a UML Class Diagram is proposed that
expresses a conceptual model of the Command and Control domain. This
model is generic since it could be adapted to different situations.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Wallenius2004b,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {D{ISCCO}: {G}eneric {S}upport for {C}2 and {D}ecision-{M}aking},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {2004 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium},
optpages = {},
year = 2004,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {San Diego, California},
month = JUN # {~15--17,},
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/DISCCO-ccrts-sandiego.pdf},
optps = {},
optkeywords = {},
optabstract = {}
}
@ARTICLE{Wallenius2004c,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {En uppfattning om uppfattningen: {O}m redskap för bättre situationsuppfattning},
journal = {Transfer, Saab AB},
year = 2004,
optkey = {},
volume = {04},
number = 2,
optpages = {},
optmonth = {},
note = {In Swedish},
optannote = {},
extended = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/SA-transfer-long.pdf}
}
@UNPUBLISHED{WalleniusHallmats2003,
author = {Klas Wallenius and Jenny H{\aa}llmats},
title = {D{ISCCO} - {D}ecision {S}upport for {C}ommand and {C}ontrol},
note = {White Paper, SaabTech AB},
optkey = {},
month = MAY,
year = 2003,
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/white_paper.pdf}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Wallenius2002,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {A {G}eneric {M}odel of {M}anagement and {C}ommand and {C}ontrol},
booktitle = {7th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
optpages = {},
year = 2002,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Loews Le Concorde Hotel, Quebec City, QC, Canada},
month = SEP # {~16--20,},
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/Generic_Model-Quebec.pdf}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Wallenius2003,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {D{ISCCO} - {A} {G}eneral {A}pproach to {C}ommand and {C}ontrol {S}upport},
booktitle = {CIMI 2003},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
optpages = {},
year = 2003,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Enköping, Sweden},
month = MAY # {~20--22,},
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/DISCCO-cimi.pdf}
}
@ARTICLE{Wallenius2001,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {Det generella ledningsstödet},
journal = {Transfer, Saab AB},
year = 2001,
optkey = {},
volume = {01},
number = 4,
optpages = {},
optmonth = {},
note = {In Swedish},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/saab-transfer.pdf}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{BergmanWallenius2001,
author = {Niclas Bergman and Klas Wallenius},
title = {Providing the {C}ommon {V}iew of the {S}ituation - the {WASP} {A}pproach},
booktitle = {Information Management Challenges in Achieving Coalition Interoperability},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
optpages = {},
year = {2001},
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Quebec City, Canada},
month = MAY # {~28--30,},
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Wallenius2000a,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {Use of {M}odern {I}nformation {T}echnology: {WASP} - {A} {C}ommon {V}iew of the {S}ituation },
booktitle = {Technet Europe, 21st AFCEA Europe Symposium & Exposition},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
optpages = {},
year = 2000,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Prague, the Czech Republic},
month = OCT,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/Wasp-afcea.pdf}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Wallenius2000,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {A {N}etwork {C}entric {I}nfo-{S}tructure for the {S}wedish {A}rmed {F}orces },
booktitle = {Milinf 2000},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
optpages = {},
year = 2000,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Enköping, Sweden},
month = SEP,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/NWC-milinf.pdf}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Brynielsson2004,
author = {Joel Brynielsson},
title = {Game-Theoretic Reasoning in Command and Control},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Mini-EURO Conference: Managing Uncertainty in Decision Support Models (MUDSM 2004)},
optpages = {},
year = 2004,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Coimbra, Portugal},
month = SEP,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/mudsm.pdf},
ps = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/mudsm.ps},
ppt = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/mudsm.ppt.pdf},
abstract = {Developers of tomorrow's Command and Control centers are
facing numerous problems related to the vast amount of available
information obtained from various sources. On a lower level, huge
amounts of uncertain reports from different sensors need to be fused
into comprehensible information. On a higher level, representation
and management of the aggregated information will be the main task,
with the overall objective to provide reliable and comprehensible
situation awareness to commanders. Hence, we consider prediction of
future course of events being a necessary ingredient. Unfortunately,
traditional agent modeling techniques do not capture gaming
situations, i.e., situations where commanders make decisions based
on other commanders' reasoning about one's own reasoning. To cope
with this problem, we propose an architecture based on game theory
for inference, coupled with traditional methods for uncertainty
modeling. Applying an example, we show that our architecture could
be used as a decision support tool, offering enhanced situation
awareness in Command and Control. Finally, we wind up with a
philosophical discussion regarding the ambiguities and the
difficulties in interpreting the solution that game theory offers in
the form of mixed strategy Nash equilibria.}
}
@PHDTHESIS{Johansson2003b,
author = {Ronnie Johansson},
title = {Information Acquisition in Data Fusion Systems},
school = {Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science,
Royal Institute of Technology},
year = 2003,
optkey = {},
type = {Licentiate thesis},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = NOV,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/pubs/johanssonlrm_lic.pdf},
ps = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/pubs/johanssonlrm_lic.ps.gz},
kthb = {http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1673},
keywords = {Information acquisition, sensor management, resource
management, information fusion, data fusion, perception management,
game theory, target tracking},
abstract = {By purposefully utilising sensors, for instance by a
data fusion system, the state of some system-relevant environment
might be adequately assessed to support decision-making. The ever
increasing access to sensors offers great opportunities, but also
incurs grave challenges. As a result of managing multiple sensors
one can, e.g., expect to achieve a more comprehensive, resolved,
certain and more frequently updated assessment of the environment
than would be possible otherwise. Challenges include data
association, treatment of conflicting information and strategies for
sensor coordination.
We use the term information acquisition to denote the skill of a
data fusion system to actively acquire information. The aim of this
thesis is to instructively situate that skill in a general context,
explore and classify related research, and highlight key issues and
possible future work. It is our hope that this thesis will
facilitate communication, understanding and future efforts for
information acquisition.
The previously mentioned trend towards utilisation of large sets of
sensors makes us especially interested in large-scale information
acquisition, i.e., acquisition using many and possibly spatially
distributed and heterogeneous sensors.
Information acquisition is a general concept that emerges in many
different fields of research. In this thesis, we survey literature
from, e.g., agent theory, robotics and sensor management. We,
furthermore, suggest a taxonomy of the literature that highlights
relevant aspects of information acquisition.
We describe a function, perception management (akin to sensor
management), which realizes information acquisition in the data
fusion process and pertinent properties of its external stimuli,
sensing resources, and system environment.
An example of perception management is also presented. The task is
that of managing a set of mobile sensors that jointly track some
mobile targets. The game theoretic algorithm suggested for
distributing the targets among the sensors prove to be more robust
to sensor failure than a measurement accuracy optimal reference
algorithm.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Johansson2003a,
author = {Johansson, Ronnie and Xiong, Ning and Christensen, Henrik I.},
title = {A Game Theoretic Model for Management of Mobile Sensors},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2003)},
pages = {583--590},
year = 2003,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Cairns, Australia},
month = JUL,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/pubs/mobile_conf.pdf},
ps = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/pubs/mobile_conf.ps.gz},
keywords = {Sensor management, mobile sensors, negotiation, game theory},
abstract = {This paper suggests a framework for multisensor
multi-target tracking with mobile sensors. Sensors negotiate over
which targets to track (possibly sharing targets to benefit from
data fusion technology) using a game theory based
algorithm. Sensors' preferences over negotiation offers are
articulated with individual utility functions which encompass both
information gain and directional derivative. An approach to consider
terrain effects on mobile sensors is also explained. Simulation
results show that the negotiation algorithm has interesting
advantages compared to a greedy algorithm that seeks to optimise
information gain without consideration to derivatives. We notice
that the negotiation procedure forces sensors to share targets,
while improving robustness to sensor failure. Sensors also tend to
proactively reconsider their target assignments for long-term
improved information gain.}
}
@ARTICLE{JohanssonXiong2003,
author = {Johansson, Ronnie and Xiong, Ning},
title = {Perception Management: An Emerging Concept for Information Fusion},
journal = {Information Fusion},
year = 2003,
optkey = {},
volume = 4,
number = 3,
pages = {231--234},
month = SEP,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
doi = {10.1016/S1566-2535(03)00033-2},
url = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/pubs/perception_management.pdf},
ps = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/pubs/perception_management.ps},
abstract = {The state-of-art of sensor management has been advanced
to the extent where high-level information plays an increasingly
important role. Since situation state and associated request for
information are device independent, a question arises as whether the
term (sensor management) is sufficient enough to encompass the
functions on the information level. Recognizing the essential need
of intelligent agents to perceive the environment to take
appropriate actions, this letter proposes the concept of perception
management. It refers to controlling the process of data acquisition
from the external world to enhance percepts obtained. The content of
perception management is outlined and its relationship with sensor
management is also discussed.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{JohanssonR:BridgingTheGap,
author = {Ronnie Johansson and Robert Suzi{\'c}},
title = {Bridging the gap between information need and information acquisition},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Fusion},
keywords = {Plan recognition, sensor management, high-level information, situation and threat assessment.},
pages = {1202--1209},
month = JUN # {~28--} # JUL # {~1,},
volume = 2,
year = 2004,
location = {Stockholm, Sweden},
url = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/pubs/johansson_suzic_fusion04.pdf},
abstract = {In this article, we address the rarely discussed
problem of connecting high-level information (e.g., aggregated
states and enemy intentions) to information acquisition. Our
approach is to partition the transition of information need to
sensor management into a set of comprehensible entities
(information types and functions), which we present in a
framework. The framework is stepwise (sequential) and first
translates actual information (from the data and information
fusion process) to information need. The information need is
mapped to the task space by a task management function which
performs prioritization with respect to information need. A
further step includes projection of tasks to service space by
an allocation scheme, and finally services give orders to
resources. In the terminology of the framework, we discuss the
extension of a previous study (that involved plan recognition)
with a sensor management function. }
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Suzic2003,
author = {Robert Suzi\'c},
title = {Representation and Recognition of Uncertain Enemy Policies Using Statistical Models},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the NATO RTO Symposium on Military Data and Information Fusion},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
optpages = {},
year = 2003,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Prague, Czech Republic},
month = OCT,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~rsu/PolicyRecognitionSuzic.pdf},
ppt = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~rsu/OralPresSuzic14_2.ppt}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{SuzicR:GenericRepresentation,
author = {Robert Suzi{\'c}},
title = {Generic Representation of Military Organisation and Military Behaviour: {UML} and {B}ayesian Networks},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the NATO RTO Symposium on C3I and M\&S Interoperability},
optpages = {},
month = OCT,
year = 2003,
address = {Antalya, Turkey},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~rsu/SuzicGenericRep.pdf}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Suzic2003a,
author = {Robert Suzi{\'c}},
title = {Knowledge representation, modelling of doctrines and information fusion},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {CIMI 2003},
optpages = {},
year = 2003,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Enköping, Sweden},
month = MAY # {~20--22,},
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {}
}
@TECHREPORT{Suzic2003b,
author = {Robert Suzi{\'c}},
title = {Kunskapsrepresentation av doktriner och taktiskt uppträdande},
institution = {Swedish Defence Research Agency},
year = 2003,
optkey = {},
opttype = {},
number = {FOI-R{{-}{-}}0865-SE},
address = {Linköping, Sweden},
month = JUN,
note = {In Swedish},
optannote = {}
}
@TECHREPORT{JohanssonR:MobileSensorsLong,
author = {Ronnie Johansson and Ning Xiong and Henrik I. Christensen},
title = {A Game Theoretic Model for Management of Mobile Sensors},
institution = {Royal Institute of Technology, Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Computer Vision and Active Perception Laboratory},
year = 2003,
type = {Report},
address = {100 44 Stockholm, SWEDEN},
number = {TRITA-NA-P03/06. ISSN 1101-2250. ISRN KTH/NA/P--02/12--SE. CVAP-278},
url = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/pubs/mobile.pdf},
ps = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/pubs/mobile.ps.gz},
abstract = {This report suggests a framework for
multi-sensor multi-target tracking with mobile
sensors. Sensors negotiate over which targets to track
(possibly sharing targets to benefit from data fusion
technology) using a game theory based algorithm. Sensors
preferences over negotiation offers are articulated with
individual utility functions which encompass both
information gain and directional derivative. An approach to
consider terrain effects on mobile sensors is also
explained. Simulation results show that the negotiation
algorithm has interesting advantages compared to a greedy
algorithm that seeks to optimise information gain without
consideration to derivatives. We notice that the
negotiation procedure forces sensors to share targets,
while improving robustness to sensor failure. Sensors also
tend to proactively reconsider their target assignments for
long-term improved information gain.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Brynielsson2005,
author = {Brynielsson, Joel and Engblom, Mattias and Franz{\'e}n, Robert and Nordh, Jonas and Voigt, Lennart},
title = {Enhanced Situation Awareness using Random Particles},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (10th ICCRTS)},
optpages = {},
year = 2005,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {McLean, Virginia},
month = JUN,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.dodccrp.org/events/10th_ICCRTS/CD/papers/185.pdf},
ppt = {http://www.dodccrp.org/events/10th_ICCRTS/CD/presentations/185.pdf},
emw-nytt = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/EMW-nytt_2005-07-15.pdf},
abstract = {Modern command and control systems present the current
view of the situation through a situation picture that is being
built up from fused sensor data. However, merely presenting a
comprehensible description of the situation does not give the
commander complete awareness of the development of a situation. This
article presents a generic tool for prediction of forthcoming troop
movements. The technique is similar to particle filtering, a method
used for approximate inference in dynamic Bayesian networks.
The prediction tool has been implemented and installed into an
existent electronic warfare system. The tool makes use of the
system's geographic information system to extract geographic
properties and calculate troop velocities in the terrain which is,
in turn, being used for the construction of the tool's transition
model. Finally, the result is presented together with the situation
picture.
The prediction tool has been evaluated in field tests performed in
cooperation with the Swedish Armed Forces in an exercise in Sweden
during the spring of 2005. Officers and operators of the electronic
warfare system were interviewed and exposed to the tool. Reactions
were positive and prediction of future troop movements was
considered to be interesting for short-term tactical command and
control.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{BrynielssonArnborg2005,
author = {Brynielsson, Joel and Arnborg, Stefan},
title = {Refinements of the Command and Control Game Component},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2005)},
optpages = {},
year = 2005,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania},
month = JUL,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
doi = {10.1109/ICIF.2005.1592034},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/refinements.pdf},
poster = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/refinements_poster.pdf},
abstract = {Prediction of future courses of events is a necessary
ingredient in tomorrow's Command and Control centers. This is being
identified in higher levels of, e.g., the JDL model where awareness
of the development of a situation is crucial for providing a
complete and comprehensible situation picture. To cope with gaming
situations, i.e., situations where commanders make decisions based
on other commanders' reasoning about one's own reasoning,
traditional AI methods for inference need to be extended with
algorithms stemming from game theory.
In this article we formalize the ideas of an information fusion
``game component''. Also, we review current state of the art when it
comes to computational game theory and discuss the time constraints
from an information fusion perspective along with a discussion
regarding the solution/equilibrium selection problem. Furthermore,
results from computer simulations and analysis of computational
bottlenecks are presented.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{JohanssonSuzic2005,
author = {Johansson, Ronnie and Suzi{\'c}, Robert},
title = {Particle filter-based information acquisition for robust plan recognition},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2005)},
optpages = {},
year = 2005,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania},
month = JUL,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/pubs/johansson_suzic_fusion05.pdf},
abstract = {Plan recognition generates high-level information of
opponents' plans, typically a probability distribution over a set of
plausible plans. Estimations of plans, are in our work, made at
different decision-levels, both company-level and the subsumed
platoon-level. Naturally, successful plan recognition is heavily
dependent on the data that is supplied, and, hence, sensor
management is a necessity. A key feature of the sensor management
discussed here is that it is driven by the information need of the
plan recognition process.
In our research, we have presented a general framework for
connecting information need to sensor management. In our framework
implementation, an essential part is the prioritization of sensing
tasks, which is necessary to efficiently utilize limited sensing
resources. In our first implementation, the priorities were
calculated from, for instance, the estimated threats of opponents
(as a function of plan estimates), the distance to the opponent, and
the uncertainty in its position.
In this article, we add a particle filter method to more carefully
represent the uncertainty in the opponent state estimate to make
prioritization more well founded and, ultimately, to achieve robust
plan recognition. By using the particle filter we can obtain more
reliable state estimates (through the particle filter's ability to
represent complex probability distributions) and also a
statistically based threat variation (through Monte-Carlo
simulation). The state transition model of the particle filter can
also be used to predict future states to direct sensors with a time
delay (a common property of large-scale sensing systems), such as
sensors mounted on UAVs that have to travel some distance to make a
measurement.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Wallenius2005a,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {Decision Support for Effects-Based Operations},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Military Technology},
optpages = {},
year = 2005,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = OCT,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/MiltechSthlm.pdf},
abstract = {The concept of Effects-Based Operations emphasizes
actions performed to achieve effects beyond the most obvious
tactical goals. We have investigated a case of decision-making,
regarding planning for NBC protection of Swedish forces
participating in an international operation, which should gain from
applying an effects-based approach. In this application, the
achieved effects of actions in terms of decreased probability of
casualties should be related to the overall goals for the mission,
such as contributing to the democratic development in the region
without compromising the safety of own forces and without
superseding the budgetary constraints. We propose a technical
concept intended for decision-makers involved in effects-based
planning to facilitate their evaluation of different strategies
against conflicting goals. To this end we describe how Influence
Diagrams may be integrated with other services in order to implement
this functionality. We also provide an example of how the suggested
approach will look like from an operational point of view.}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{SuzicWallenius2005,
author = {Suzi{\'c}, Robert and Wallenius, Klas},
title = {Effects Based Decision Support for Riot Control: Employing Influence Diagrams and Embedded Simulation},
optcrossref = {},
optkey = {},
booktitle = {Proceedings of MILCOM 2005},
optpages = {},
year = 2005,
opteditor = {},
optvolume = {},
optnumber = {},
optseries = {},
address = {Atlantic City, New Jersey},
month = OCT,
optorganization = {},
optpublisher = {},
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
doi = {10.1109/MILCOM.2005.1605925},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/SIMA-Suzic-Wallenius.pdf},
abstract = {Effects-Based Operations emphasize actions performed to
achieve effects beyond the most obvious tactical goals. In the case
of riot control at a summit, these effects include the rights of
societal institutions to meet and to make decisions, as well as the
right of the people to protest against these decisions. Here, we
propose a concept for a commander involved in riot control to
evaluate different strategies in real-time against these conflicting
goals. We describe, conceptually, how Influence Diagrams and
different embedded simulation techniques need to be applied in order
to implement this functionality. We also give an example of how the
suggested approach will appear from an operational point of view.}
}
@PHDTHESIS{Wallenius2005b,
author = {Klas Wallenius},
title = {Generic Support for Decision-Making in Effects-Based Management of Operations},
school = {School of Computer Science and Communication, Royal Institute of Technology},
year = 2005,
optkey = {},
opttype = {},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = NOV,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {ftp://ftp.nada.kth.se/pub/documents/Theory/Klas-Wallenius/phd-thesis.pdf},
kthb = {http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-587},
abstract = {This thesis investigates computer-based support tools to
facilitate decision-making in civilian and military operations. As
flexibility is essential when preparing for unknown threats to
society, this support has to be general. Further motivations for
flexible and general solutions include reduced costs for technical
development and training, as well as faster and better informed
decision-making.
We use the term \emph{Effects-Based Management of Operations} to
denote the accomplishment of desired effects beyond traditional
military goals by the deployment of all types of available
capabilities. Supporting this work, \emph{DISCCO} (Decision Support
for Command and Control) is a set of network-based services
including \emph{Command Support}, helping commanders in the human,
collaborative and continuous process of evolving, evaluating, and
executing solutions to their tasks, \emph{Decision Support},
improving the human process by integrating automatic and
semi-automatic generation and evaluation of plans, and a
\emph{Common Situation Model}, capturing the hierarchical structure
of the situation regarding own, allied, neutral, and hostile
resources.
The use of the DISCCO has been investigated in three different
applications: planning for establishing surveillance of an operation
area, planning for NBC defense, and executing a riot control
operation. Together, these studies indicate that DISCCO is
applicable in many different classes of Effects-Based Management of
Operations. Hence, this generic concept will contribute to the work
of both the civilian and military defense in dealing with a broad
range of current and future threats to the society.},
keywords = {Command and Control, Management, Effects-Based Operations, Command Support, Decision Support, Data Fusion, Information Fusion, Situation Awareness, Network-Based Defense, Ontology}
}
@PHDTHESIS{Johansson2006,
author = {Ronnie Johansson},
title = {Large-Scale Information Acquisition for Data and Information Fusion},
school = {School of Computer Science and Communication,
Royal Institute of Technology},
year = 2006,
optkey = {},
opttype = {Doctoral thesis},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = MAR,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.csc.kth.se/~ronniej/project/thesis.html},
kthb = {http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3890},
keywords = {sensor management, perception management, data fusion, information fusion, large-scale information acquisition, multi-agent coordination protocol, axiomatic bargaining theory, particle filter tracking, pyro-electric infrared sensor, multi-robot system},
abstract = {The purpose of information acquisition for data and information fusion is to provide relevant and timely information. The acquired information is integrated (or fused) to estimate the state of some environment. The success of information acquisition can be measured in the quality of the environment state estimates generated by the data and information fusion process.
In this thesis, we introduce and set out to characterise the concept of large-scale information acquisition. Our interest in this subject is justified both by the identified lack of research on a holistic view on data and information fusion, and the proliferation of networked sensors which promises to enable handy access to a multitude of information sources. We identify a number of properties that could be considered in the context of large-scale information acquisition. The sensors used could be large in number, heterogeneous, complex, and distributed. Also, algorithms for large-scale information acquisition may have to deal with decentralised control and multiple and varying objectives.
In the literature, a process that realises information acquisition is frequently denoted sensor management. We, however, introduce the term perception management instead, which encourages an agent perspective on information acquisition. Apart from explictly inviting the wealth of agent theory research into the data and information fusion research, it also highlights that the resource usage of perception management is constrained by the overall control of a system that uses data and information fusion.
To address the challenges posed by the concept of large-scale information acquisition, we present a framework which highlights some of its pertinent aspects. We have implemented some important parts of the framework. What becomes evident in our study is the innate complexity of information acquisition for data and information fusion, which suggests approximative solutions.
We, furthermore, study one of the possibly most important properties of large-scale information acquisition, decentralised control, in more detail. We propose a recurrent negotiation protocol for (decentralised) multi-agent coordination. Our approach to the negotiations is from an axiomatic bargaining theory perspective; an economics discipline. We identify shortcomings of the most commonly applied bargaining solution and demonstrate in simulations a problem instance where it is inferior to an alternative solution. However, we can not conclude that one of the solutions dominates the other in general. They are both preferable in different situations. We have also implemented the recurrent negotiation protocol on a group of mobile robots.
We note some subtle difficulties with transferring bargaining solutions from economics to our computational problem. For instance, the characterising axioms of solutions in bargaining theory are useful to qualitatively compare different solutions, but care has to be taken when translating the solution to algorithms in computer science as some properties might be undesirable, unimportant or risk being lost in the translation.}
}
@PHDTHESIS{Brynielsson2006,
author = {Brynielsson, Joel},
title = {A Gaming Perspective on Command and Control},
school = {School of Computer Science and Communication, Royal Institute of Technology},
year = 2006,
optkey = {},
opttype = {},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
month = JUN,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.nada.kth.se/~joel/PhD.pdf},
kthb = {http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4029},
abstract = {In emergency management and in military operations, command and control comprises the collection of functions, systems and staff personnel that one or several executives draw on to arrive at decisions and seeing that these decisions are carried out. The large amount of available information coupled with modern computers and computer networks brings along the potential for making well-informed and quick decisions. Hence, decision-making is a central aspect in command and control, emphasizing an obvious need for development of adequate decision-supporting tools to be used in command and control centers. However, command and control takes place in a versatile environment, including both humans and artifacts, making the design of useful computer tools both challenging and multi-faceted.
This thesis deals with preparatory action in command and control settings with a focus on the strategic properties of a situation, i.e., to aid commanders in their operational planning activities with the utmost goal of ensuring that strategic interaction occurs under the most favorable circumstances possible. The thesis highlights and investigates the common features of interaction by approaching them broadly using a gaming perspective, taking into account various forms of strategic interaction in command and control. This governing idea, the command and control gaming perspective, is considered an overall contribution of the thesis.
Taking the gaming perspective, it turns out that the area ought to be approached from several research directions. In particular, the persistent gap between theory and applications can be bridged by approaching the command and control gaming perspective using both an applied and a theoretical research direction. On the one hand, the area of game theory in conjunction with research findings stemming from artificial intelligence need to be modified to be of use in applied command and control settings. On the other hand, existing games and simulations need to be adapted further to take theoretical game models into account.
Results include the following points: (1) classification of information with proposed measurements for a piece of information's precision, fitness for purpose and expected benefit, (2) identification of decision help and decision analysis as the two main directions for development of computerized tools in support of command and control, (3) development and implementation of a rule based algorithm for map-based decision analysis, (4) construction of an open source generic simulation environment to support command and control microworld research, (5) development of a generic tool for prediction of forthcoming troop movements using an algorithm stemming from particle filtering, (6) a non-linear multi-attribute utility function intended to take prevailing cognitive decision-making models into account, and (7) a framework based on game theory and influence diagrams to be used for command and control situation awareness enhancements. Field evaluations in cooperation with military commanders as well as game-theoretic computer experiments are presented in support of the results.},
keywords = {command and control, decision-making, situation awareness, data fusion, simulation, gaming, experimentation, microworld research, graphical modeling, game theory, rationality}
}
@ARTICLE{Arnborg2006,
author = {Arnborg, Stefan},
title = {Robust Bayesianism: Relation to Evidence Theory},
journal = {Journal of Advances in Information Fusion},
year = 2006,
optkey = {},
volume = 1,
number = 1,
pages = {75--90},
month = JUL,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.isif.org/sites/default/files/journals/7-2075D06.pdf},
abstract = {We are interested in understanding the relationship between Bayesian inference and evidence theory. The concept of a set of probability distributions is central both in robust Bayesian analysis and in some versions of Dempster-Shafer's evidence theory. We interpret imprecise probabilities as imprecise posteriors obtainable from imprecise likelihoods and priors, both of which are convex sets that can be considered as evidence and represented with, e.g., DS-structures. Likelihoods and prior are in Bayesian analysis combined with Laplace's parallel composition. The natural and simple robust combination operator makes all pairwise combinations of elements from the two sets representing prior and likelihood. Our proposed combination operator is unique, and it has interesting normative and factual properties. We compare its behavior with other proposed fusion rules, and earlier efforts to reconcile Bayesian analysis and evidence theory. The behavior of the robust rule is consistent with the behavior of Fixsen/Mahler's modified Dempster's (MDS) rule, but not with Dempster's rule. The Bayesian framework is liberal in allowing all significant uncertainty concepts to be modeled and taken care of and is therefore a viable, but probably not the only, unifying structure that can be economically taught and in which alternative solutions can be modeled, compared and explained.}
}
@ARTICLE{BrynielssonArnborg2006,
author = {Brynielsson, Joel and Arnborg, Stefan},
title = {An Information Fusion Game Component},
journal = {Journal of Advances in Information Fusion},
year = 2006,
optkey = {},
volume = 1,
number = 2,
pages = {108--121},
month = DEC,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
url = {http://www.isif.org/sites/default/files/journals/3-3075D02.pdf},
abstract = {Higher levels of the data fusion process call for prediction and awareness of the development of a situation. Since the situations handled by command and control systems develop by actions performed by opposing agents, pure probabilistic or evidential techniques are not fully sufficient tools for prediction. Game-theoretic tools can give an improved appreciation of the real uncertainty in this prediction task, and also be a tool in the planning process. Based on a combination of graphical inference models and game theory, we propose a decision support tool architecture for command and control situation awareness enhancements.
This paper outlines a framework for command and control decision-making in multi-agent settings. Decision-makers represent beliefs over models incorporating other decision-makers and the state of the environment. When combined, the decision-makers' equilibrium strategies of the game can be inserted into a representation of the state of the environment to achieve a joint probability distribution for the whole situation in the form of a Bayesian network representation.}
}
@ARTICLE{Brynielsson2007a,
author = {Brynielsson, Joel},
title = {Using {AI} and games for decision support in command and control},
journal = {Decision Support Systems},
year = 2007,
optkey = {},
volume = 43,
number = 4,
pages = {1454--1463},
month = AUG,
optnote = {},
optannote = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.dss.2006.06.012},
abstract = {Developers of tomorrow's command and control centers are facing numerous problems related to the vast amount of available information obtained from various sources. On a lower level, huge amounts of uncertain reports from different sensors need to be fused into comprehensible information. On a higher level, representation and management of the aggregated information will be the main task, with prediction of future course of events being the uttermost goal. Unfortunately, traditional agent modeling techniques do not capture situations where commanders make decisions based on other commanders' reasoning about one's own reasoning. To cope with this problem, we propose a decision support tool for command and control situation awareness enhancements based on game theory for inference and coupled with traditional AI methods for uncertainty modeling.},
keywords = {Bayesian network, Influence diagram, Game theory, Bayesian game, Command and control, Situation awareness}
}
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